Tech Specs Main JobTo analyze the chemical composition of rocks and soil.LocationThe laser, telescope, and camera sit on Curiosity's mast (its 'forehead'), while the spectrometer is located in its 'body'.ComponentsTelescope:Focuses laser and cameraRemote Micro-Imager:One of Curiosity's 'eyes,' captures detailed images of the area illuminated by the laser beamLaser:Vaporizes rock surfaces, creating a plasma of their component gasesSpectrometer:Three spectrographs divide the plasma light into wavelengths for chemical analysis. Laser-Induced Remote Sensing:The Laser-Induced Remote Sensing for Chemistry and Micro-Imaging instrument will identify atomic elements in martian rocks. Credit: NASA/JPL-Caltech/LANL/J.-L.

The Mars Pathfinder mission was designed to address a number of specific goals in the study of Martian soil and dust. These included: determination of the mineralogy and chemical composition of the fines; characterization of varia-tions in soils and dust around the landing site and between this landing site, the Viking landing sites, and other. The crust is compositionally distinct outermost rocky layer of the Earth. What is the crust made of? The answer to this question depends on whether we want to know which chemical elements, minerals or rock types it is made of. It may be surprising but about a dozen chemical elements, minerals, or rock types is all that it takes to describe approximately 99% of the crust.

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Lacour, CEALooking at rocks and soils from a distance, ChemCam fires a laser and analyzes the elemental composition of vaporized materials from areas smaller than 1 millimeter on the surface of Martian rocks and soils. An on-board spectrograph provides unprecedented detail about minerals and microstructures in rocks by measuring the composition of the resulting plasma - an extremely hot gas made of free-floating ions and electrons.ChemCam also uses the laser to clear away dust from Martian rocks and a remote camera to acquire extremely detailed images. The camera can resolve features 5 to 10 times smaller than those visible with cameras on NASA's two Mars Exploration Rovers that began exploring the red planet in January 2004. First Laser-Zapped Rock on Mars:This composite image, with magnified insets, depicts the first laser test by the Chemistry and Camera, or ChemCam, instrument aboard NASA's Curiosity Mars rover.The ChemCam instrument has two parts: a mast package and a body unit. On the mast is a telescope to focus the laser and the camera, a laser for vaporizing surfaces, and a remote micro-imager.

The mast package can be tilted or rotated as needed for optimum viewing of the rock.Light from the telescope travels along a fiber-optic link to a body unit inside the rover. The body unit carries three spectrographs for dividing the plasma light into its constituent wavelengths for chemical analysis. The body unit also has its own power supply and an electronic interface to the rover's central computer system.Developing the ChemCam instruments for NASA were the Los Alamos National Laboratory (LANL) and the Centre d'Etude Spatiale des Rayonnements (CESR), with major contributions from JPL, Ocean Optics Inc., and the Commissariat a l'Energie Atomique (CEA).