A modern sniper which consists of a (here chambered in ), (Leupold Mark IV x10), and additional optics.A sniper is a / who engages targets from positions of concealment or at distances exceeding the target's detection capabilities. Snipers generally have specialized training and are equipped with and high-magnification, and often feed tactical information back to their units or command headquarters.In addition to and high-grade marksmanship, military snipers are trained in a variety of techniques: detection, stalking, target range estimation methods, and,. A sniper using a Barrett M82 Military doctrine Different countries use different regarding snipers in, settings, and.Generally, a sniper's primary function in modern is to provide detailed from a concealed position and, if necessary, to reduce the enemy's combat ability by neutralizing high-value targets (especially and other ) and in the process. Typical sniper missions include managing information they gather during, and for and, assisting employed combat force with accurate and, killing enemy, selecting targets of opportunity, and even, which tend to require use of in the larger calibers such as the, like the,. - and Russian-derived military include snipers. Snipers have increasingly been demonstrated as useful by US and UK forces in the recent in a role to cover the movement of infantry, especially in areas. Military snipers from the US, UK and other countries that adopt their military doctrine are typically deployed in two-man consisting of a shooter and a.

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10 Tips to Help You Shoot Like a Long-Range Sniper. How to Master Shooting a Red-Dot Sight on Your Handgun. How to Catch Dropback Steelhead in the Spring. An Alaskan’s Guide to Surviving Cabin Fever During Covid-19 Lockdown. Subscribe to the Print Edition. In his book, American Sniper, Kyle describes his longest successful shot: in 2008, outside Sadr City, he killed an insurgent sniper aiming at other members of the U.S. Military with 'a straight-up luck shot' from his McMillan TAC-338 sniper rifle from about 2,100 yards (1,920 m) away.

A common practice is for a shooter and a spotter to take turns in order to avoid. In most recent combat operations occurring in large densely populated towns, such as, two teams would be deployed together to increase their security and effectiveness in an urban environment. A sniper team would be armed with a long-range weapon and a rapid-firing shorter-ranged weapon in case of.The German doctrine of largely independent snipers and emphasis on concealment, developed during the Second World War, has been most influential on modern sniper tactics, and is currently used throughout Western militaries (examples are specialized camouflage clothing, concealment in terrain and emphasis on ). Sniper teams. Army sniper team from Provincial Reconstruction Team (PRT)are classified as, as the term is used in the. A sniper team (or sniper cell) consists of a combination of one or more shooters with force protection elements and support personnel: such as a spotter or a flanker. Within the for both the and the, the operator of the weapon has an assistant trained to fulfill multiple roles, in addition to being sniper-qualified in the operation of the weapon.The shooter fires the shot while the spotter assists in observation of targets, atmospheric conditions and handles ancillary tasks as immediate security of their location, communication with other parties; including directing fire.

A flanker's task is to observe areas not immediately visible to the sniper or spotter and assist with the team's perimeter and rear security, therefore flankers are usually armed with an. Both spotter and flanker carry additional ammunition and associated equipment.The spotter detects, observes, and assigns targets and watches for the results of the shot. Using a or a, the spotter will also read the wind by using physical indicators and the caused by the heat on the ground. Also, in conjunction with the shooter, the spotter will make calculations for distance, angle shooting , related calculations, correction for and leads for moving targets. It is not unusual for the spotter to be equipped with a notepad and a laptop computer specifically for performing these calculations.Law enforcement applications. ('s ) sniper shooting with suppressed sniper rifles, commonly called police snipers, and military snipers differ in many ways, including their areas of operation and tactics.

A police sharpshooter is part of a police operation and usually takes part in relatively short missions. Forces typically deploy such sharpshooters in scenarios.

This differs from a military sniper, who operates as part of a larger army, engaged in warfare. Sometimes as part of a team, police snipers are deployed alongside negotiators and an assault team trained for. As policemen, they are trained to shoot only as a last resort, when there is a direct threat to life; the police sharpshooter has a well-known rule: 'Be prepared to take a life to save a life.' Police snipers typically operate at much shorter ranges than military snipers, generally under 100 meters (109 yd) and sometimes even less than 50 meters (55 yd).

Both types of snipers do make difficult shots under pressure, and often perform one-shot kills. A US Secret Service sniper on the roof of thePolice units that are unequipped for tactical operations may rely on a specialized SWAT team, which may have a dedicated sniper. Some police sniper operations begin with military assistance. Police snipers placed in vantage points, such as high buildings, can provide security for events. In one high-profile incident commonly referred to as 'The Shot Seen Around the World' due to going viral online, Mike Plumb, a sniper in, prevented a suicide by shooting a revolver out of the individual's hand, leaving him unharmed.

Coast Guard marksman uses an M107 from a helicopter.The need for specialized training for police sharpshooters was made apparent in 1972 during the when the German police could not deploy specialized personnel or equipment during the standoff at the airport in the closing phase of the crisis, and consequently all of the hostages were killed. While the German army did have snipers in 1972, the use of army snipers in the scenario was impossible due to the 's explicit prohibition of the use of the military in domestic matters.

This lack of trained snipers who could be used in civilian roles was later addressed with the founding of the specialized police counter-terrorist unit.Longest recorded sniper kill. British sniper, training in Northumberland, 2010.The in combat was achieved by an undisclosed member of the Canadian special forces in June 2017 at a distance of 3,540 m (3,871 yd).The previous record holder was, a (CoH) in the of the. In November 2009, Harrison struck two consecutively south of in in at a range of 2,475 m (2,707 yd) or 1.54 miles using a.The QTU Lapua software, using continuous doppler (C d) data provided by Lapua, predicts that such shots traveling 2,475 m (2,707 yd) would likely have struck their targets after nearly 6.0 seconds of flight time, having lost 93% of their kinetic energy, retaining 255 m/s (840 ft/s) of their original 936 m/s (3,070 ft/s) velocity, and having dropped 121.39 m (398 ft 3 in) or 2.8° from the original bore line. A long-range rifle designed by Sir.The was arguably the first long-range in the world. A designed by Sir, a prominent British engineer, it used instead, which meant that the projectile did not have to bite into grooves as was done with conventional rifling. The Whitworth rifle was far more accurate than the, which had shown some weaknesses during the recent. At trials in 1857 which tested the accuracy and range of both weapons, Whitworth's design outperformed the Enfield at a rate of about three to one.

The Whitworth rifle was capable of hitting the target at a range of 2,000 yards, whereas the Enfield could only manage it at 1,400 yards.During the, the first optical sights were designed to fit onto rifles. Much of this pioneering work was the brainchild of Colonel D. Davidson, using optical sights produced by of. This allowed a to observe and target objects more accurately at a greater distance than ever before. The telescopic sight, or scope, was originally fixed and could not be adjusted, which therefore limited its range.Despite its success at the trials, the rifle was not adopted by the. However, the was able to sell the weapon to the, and also to the during the, where both the Union and Confederate armies employed. The most notable incident was during the, where on 9 May 1864, Union General was killed by a Confederate at a range of about 1,000 yards (910 meters) after saying the enemy 'couldn't hit an elephant at this distance'.

Second Boer War. In AfricaDuring the the latest guns with and were used by both sides. The British were equipped with the rifle, while the Boers had received the latest rifles from Germany. In the open terrain of the marksmen were a crucial component to the outcome of the battle.The first British sniper unit began life as the, a Scottish Highland regiment formed in 1899, that earned high praise during the (1899–1902). The unit was formed by and reported to an American, Major, the British Army Chief of Scouts under. Burnham fittingly described these scouts as 'half wolf and half jackrabbit.'

Just like their Boer scout opponents, these scouts were well practised in the arts of marksmanship, map reading, observation,. They were skilled and practitioners of discretion: 'He who shoots and runs away, lives to shoot another day.'

They were also the first known military unit to wear a.said of them that 'keener men never lived', and that 'Burnham was the greatest scout of our time.' Burnham distinguished himself in wars in South Africa, Rhodesia, and in Arizona fighting the Apaches, and his definitive work, Scouting on Two Continents, provides a dramatic and enlightening picture of what a sniper was at the time and how he operated.After the war, this regiment went on to formally become the first official sniper unit, then better known as sharpshooters. World War I. An Australian sniper aims a periscope-equipped rifle at in 1915. The spotter beside him is helping to find targets with his own periscope.During, snipers appeared as deadly sharpshooters in the trenches. At the start of the war, only had troops that were issued scoped.

Although sharpshooters existed on all sides, the Germans specially equipped some of their soldiers with scoped rifles that could pick off enemy soldiers showing their heads out of their trench. At first the French and British believed such hits to be coincidental hits, until the German scoped rifles were discovered. During World War I, the German army received a reputation for the deadliness and efficiency of its snipers, partly because of the high-quality lenses that German industry could manufacture. During the First World War, the static movement of and a need for protection from snipers created a requirement for both for discharging firearms and for observation.

Often a steel plate was used with a 'key hole', which had a rotating piece to cover the loophole when not in use. Soviet sniper on a 1943 stamp.During the, most nations dropped their specialized sniper units, notably the Germans. Effectiveness and dangers of snipers once again came to the fore during the. The only nation that had specially trained sniper units during the 1930s was the.

Soviet snipers were trained in their skills as marksmen, in using the terrain to hide themselves from the enemy and the ability to work alongside regular forces. This made the Soviet sniper training focus more on 'normal' combat situations than those of other nations.Snipers reappeared as important factors on the battlefield from the.

During Germany's, lone, well-hidden French and British snipers were able to halt the German advance for a considerable amount of time. For example, during the pursuit to, British snipers were able to significantly delay the German infantry's advance. This prompted the British once again to increase training of specialized sniper units. Apart from marksmanship, British snipers were trained to blend in with the environment, often by using special camouflage clothing for concealment. However, because the British Army offered sniper training exclusively to and, the resulting small number of trained snipers in combat units considerably reduced their overall effectiveness.During the, snipers took a heavy toll of the invading.

Is credited with 505 confirmed kills, most with the Finnish version of the bolt-action. Canadian Sniper during.In the United States Armed Forces, sniper training was only very elementary and was mainly concerned with being able to hit targets over long distances. Snipers were required to be able to hit a body over 400 meters away, and a head over 200 meters away. There was almost no instruction in blending into the environment. Sniper training varied from place to place, resulting in wide variation in the qualities of snipers. The main reason the US did not extend sniper training beyond long-range shooting was the limited deployment of US soldiers until the.

During the campaigns in and, most fighting occurred in and mountainous regions where the potential for concealment was limited, in contrast to Western and Central Europe.The U.S. Army's lack of familiarity with sniping tactics proved disastrous in Normandy and the campaign in Western Europe where they encountered well trained German snipers. In Normandy, German snipers remained hidden in the dense vegetation and were able to encircle American units, firing at them from all sides. The American and British forces were surprised by how near the German snipers could approach in safety and attack them, as well as by their ability to hit targets at up to 1,000m. A notable mistake made by inexperienced American soldiers was to lie down and wait when targeted by German snipers, allowing the snipers to pick them off one after another.

German snipers often infiltrated Allied lines and sometimes when the front-lines moved, they continued to fight from their sniping positions, refusing to surrender until their rations and munitions were exhausted.Those tactics were also a consequence of changes in German enlistment. After several years of war and heavy losses on the Eastern Front, the German army was forced to rely more heavily on enlisting teenage soldiers. Due to lack of training in more complex group tactics, and thanks to rifle training provided by the, those soldiers were often used as autonomous left-behind snipers. While an experienced sniper would take a few lethal shots and retreat to a safer position, those young boys, due both to a disregard for their own safety and to lack of tactical experience would frequently remain in a concealed position and fight until they ran out of ammunition or were killed or wounded. While this tactic generally ended in the demise of the sniper, giving rise to the nickname 'Suicide Boys' that was given to those soldiers, this irrational behavior proved quite disruptive to the Allied forces' progress. After World War II, many elements of German sniper training and doctrine were copied by other countries. In 1944, holding a with the 3.5x.In the, the trained snipers.

In the jungles of Asia and the Pacific Islands, snipers posed a serious threat to U.S., British, and troops. Japanese snipers were specially trained to use the environment to conceal themselves. Japanese snipers used foliage on their uniforms and dug well-concealed hide-outs that were often connected with small trenches. There was no need for long range accuracy because most combat in the jungle took place within a few hundred meters.

Japanese snipers were known for their patience and ability to remain hidden for long periods. They almost never left their carefully camouflaged hiding spots. This meant that whenever a sniper was in the area, the location of the sniper could be determined after the sniper had fired a few shots. The Allies used their own snipers in the Pacific, notably the, who used.Common sniper rifles used during the include: the Soviet M1891/30 and, to a lesser extent, the; the German and; the British and; the Japanese; the American. The Italians trained few snipers and supplied them with a scoped.Training. A US Marine extracts a fired cartridge casing and chambers a new round into his.Military sniper training aims to teach a high degree of proficiency in and concealment, stalking, and map reading as well as precision marksmanship under various operational conditions.

Trainees typically shoot thousands of rounds over a number of weeks, while learning these core skills.Snipers are trained to squeeze the trigger straight back with the ball of their finger, to avoid jerking the gun sideways. The most accurate position is, with a supporting the, and the stock's cheek-piece against the cheek.

In the field, a can be used instead. Sometimes a is wrapped around the weak arm (or both) to reduce stock movement. Some doctrines train a sniper to breathe deeply before shooting, then hold their empty while they line up and take their shot. Some go further, teaching their snipers to shoot between heartbeats to minimize barrel motion. Accuracy. Sniper displaying his rifle resting on three-legged shooting sticksThe key to sniping is accuracy, which applies to both the weapon and the shooter. The weapon should be able to consistently place shots within tight tolerances.

The sniper in turn must utilize the weapon to accurately place shots under varying conditions. A sniper must have the ability to accurately estimate the various factors that influence a bullet's trajectory and point of impact such as: range to the target, wind direction, wind velocity, altitude and elevation of the sniper and the target and ambient temperature. Mistakes in estimation compound over distance and can decrease lethality or cause a shot to miss completely. Snipers their weapons at a target range or in the field. This is the process of adjusting the scope so that the bullets' points-of-impact is at the point-of-aim (centre of scope or scope's cross-hairs) for a specific distance. A rifle and scope should retain its zero as long as possible under all conditions to reduce the need to re-zero during missions. A can serve as a useful platform for shooting a sniper rifle, although any soft surface such as a will steady a rifle and contribute to consistency.

In particular, help when firing from a prone position, and enable the firing position to be sustained for an extended period of time. Many police and military sniper rifles come equipped with an adjustable bipod. Makeshift bipods known as can be constructed from items such as tree branches or ski poles. Some military snipers use three-legged shooting sticks.Range and accuracy vary depending on the cartridge and specific ammunition types that are used.

Typical ranges for common battle field cartridges are as follows:CartridgeMaximum effective range300–500 m800-1,000 m800-1,000 m900-1,100 m900-1,200 m1,300–1,600 m1,500–2,000 m(Russian)1,500–2,000 m(Russian)1,900–2,300 m1,500–2,400 mU.S. Military. Two snipers training with.50 cal andServicemen volunteer for the rigorous sniper training and are accepted on the basis of their aptitude, physical ability, marksmanship, patience and mental stability. Military snipers may be further trained as (FACs) to direct or (FOs) to direct or fire. Russian Army From 2011, the Russian armed forces has run newly developed sniper courses in training centres. In place of the Soviet practice of mainly squad sharpshooters, which were often designated during initial training (and of whom only few become snipers per se), 'new' Army snipers are to be trained intensively for 3 months (for conscripts) or longer (for contract soldiers).

The training program includes theory and practice of countersniper engagements, artillery spotting and coordination of air support. The first instructors are the graduates of the Solnechnogorsk sniper training centre.The method of sniper deployment, according to the Ministry of Defence, is likely to be one three-platoon company at the brigade level, with one of the platoons acting independently and the other two supporting the battalions as needed. Targeting, tactics and techniques. Aerial platform shooting training.

Range finding The range to the target is measured or estimated as precisely as conditions permit and correct range estimation becomes absolutely critical at long ranges, because a bullet travels with a curved and the sniper must compensate for this by aiming higher at longer distances. If the exact distance is not known the sniper may compensate incorrectly and the bullet path may be too high or low. As an example, for a typical military sniping cartridge such as (.308 Winchester) M118 Special Ball round this difference (or “drop”) from 700 to 800 meters (770–870 yd) is 200 millimetres (7.9 in). This means that if the sniper incorrectly estimated the distance as 700 meters when the target was in fact 800 meters away, the bullet will be 200 millimeters lower than expected by the time it reaches the target. may be used, and range estimation is often the job of both parties in a team.

One useful method of range finding without a laser rangefinder is comparing the height of the target (or nearby objects) to their size on the mil dot scope, or taking a known distance and using some sort of measure (utility poles, fence posts) to determine the additional distance. The average human head is 150 millimeters (5.9 in) in width, average human shoulders are 500 millimeters (20 in) apart and the average distance from a person's pelvis to the top of their head is 1,000 millimeters (39 in).To determine the range to a target without a laser rangefinder, the sniper may use the dot on a scope to accurately find the range. Mil dots are used like a to measure the height of a target, and if the height is known, the range can be as well.

The height of the target (in yards) ×1000, divided by the height of the target (in mils), gives the range in yards. This is only in general, however, as both scope magnification (7×, 40×) and mil dot spacing change. The USMC standard is that 1 mil (that is, 1 milliradian) equals 3.438 MOA (, or, equivalently, minute of angle), while the US Army standard is 3.6 MOA, chosen so as to give a diameter of 1 yard at a distance of 1,000 yards (or equivalently, a diameter of 1 meter at a range of 1 kilometer.) Many commercial manufacturers use 3.5, splitting the difference, since it is easier to work with.

It is important to note that ( mil) is only an approximation of a and different organizations use.At longer ranges, bullet drop plays a significant role in targeting. The effect can be estimated from a chart, which may be memorized or taped to the rifle, although some scopes come with (BDC) systems that only require the range be dialed in.

These are tuned to both a specific class of rifle and specific ammunition. Every bullet type and load will have different.308 Federal 175 grain (11.3 g) BTHP match shoots at 2,600 ft/s (790 m/s).

Zeroed at 100 yards (100 m), a 16.2 MOA adjustment would have to be made to hit a target at 600 yards (500 m). If the same bullet was shot with 168 grain (10.9 g), a 17.1 MOA adjustment would be necessary. Shooting uphill or downhill is confusing for many because does not act perpendicular to the direction the bullet is traveling. Thus, gravity must be divided into its component. Only the fraction of gravity equal to the of the angle of fire with respect to the horizon affects the rate of fall of the bullet, with the remainder adding or subtracting negligible velocity to the bullet along its trajectory.

To find the correct zero, the sniper multiplies the actual distance to the range by this fraction and aims as if the target were that distance away. For example, a sniper who observes a target 500 meters away at a 45-degree angle downhill would multiply the range by the cosine of 45 degrees, which is 0.707. The resulting distance will be 353 meters. This number is equal to the horizontal distance to the target.

All other values, such as windage, time-to-target, impact velocity, and energy will be calculated based on the actual range of 500 meters. Recently, a small device known as a cosine indicator has been developed. This device is clamped to the tubular body of the, and gives an indicative readout in numerical form as the rifle is aimed up or down at the target. This is translated into a figure used to compute the horizontal range to the target.Windage plays a significant role, with the effect increasing with wind speed or the distance of the shot. The slant of visible convections near the ground can be used to estimate crosswinds, and correct the point of aim. All adjustments for range, wind, and elevation can be performed by aiming off the target, called 'holding over'.

Alternatively, the scope can be adjusted so that the point of aim is changed to compensate for these factors, sometimes referred to as 'dialing in'. The shooter must remember to return the scope to zeroed position. Adjusting the scope allows for more accurate shots, because the cross-hairs can be aligned with the target more accurately, but the sniper must know exactly what differences the changes will have on the point-of-impact at each target range. For moving targets, the point-of-aim is ahead of the target in the direction of movement. Known as 'leading' the target, the amount of 'lead' depends on the speed and angle of the target's movement as well as the distance to the target.

For this technique, holding over is the preferred method. Anticipating the behavior of the target is necessary to accurately place the shot. Hide sites and hiding techniques. A sniper wearing a to remain hidden in grassland terrainThe term 'hide site' refers to a covered and concealed position from which a sniper and his team can conduct surveillance or fire at targets. A good hide conceals and camouflages the sniper effectively, provides cover from enemy fire and allows a wide view of the surrounding area.The main purpose of and hide sites is to break up the outline of a person with a rifle.Many snipers use ghillie suits to hide and stay hidden. Ghillie suits vary according to the terrain into which the sniper wishes to blend. For example, in dry grassland the sniper will typically wear a ghillie suit covered in dead grass.Shot placement Shot placement, which is where on the body the sniper is aiming, varies with the type of sniper.

Military snipers, who generally do not shoot at targets at less than 300 m (330 yd), usually attempt body shots, aiming at the chest. These shots depend on tissue damage, organ trauma, and to kill the target. Body shots are used because the chest is a larger target.Police snipers, who generally shoot at much shorter distances, may attempt a more precise shot at particular parts of body or particular devices: in one incident in 2007 in, a sniper took a shot from 80 m (87 yd) at the pistol of a police officer threatening to commit suicide, destroying the weapon and preventing the police officer from killing himself.In a high-risk or hostage-taking situation where a suspect is imminently threatening to kill a hostage, police snipers may take head shots to ensure an instant kill.

The snipers aim for the to sever the spine from the brain. While this is believed to prevent the target from reflexively firing their weapon, there is evidence that any brain-hit is sufficient. Target acquisition.

Two snipers (one serves as the shooter and the other as a spotter), armed with the 'Barak' sniper weapon system, during sniping contest.Snipers are trained for the detection, identification, and location of a targeted soldier in sufficient detail to permit the effective employment of lethal and non-lethal means. Since most kills in modern warfare are by, reconnaissance is one of the most effective uses of snipers. They use their aerobic conditioning, infiltration skills and excellent long-distance observation equipment (optical scopes) and tactics to approach and observe the enemy. In this role, their typically let them shoot at high-value targets of opportunity, such as enemy officers.The targets may be personnel or high-value (military equipment and weapons) but most often they target the most important enemy personnel such as officers or specialists (e.g. Communications operators) so as to cause maximum disruption to enemy operations.

Other personnel they might target include those who pose an immediate threat to the sniper, like dog handlers, who are often employed in a search for snipers. A sniper identifies officers by their appearance and behavior such as symbols of rank, talking to, sitting as a passenger in a car, sitting in a car with a large radio antenna, having military servants, binoculars/map cases or talking and moving position more frequently. If possible, snipers shoot in descending order by, or if rank is unavailable, they shoot to disrupt communications.Some rifles, such as the and, are designed for a purely (AM) role, e.g. Shooting turbine disks of parked aircraft, missile guidance packages, expensive optics, and the bearings, tubes or wave guides of sets.

A sniper equipped with the correct rifle can target radar dishes, water containers, the engines of vehicles, and any number of other targets. Other rifles, such as the.50 caliber rifles produced by and McMillan, are not designed exclusively as AM rifles, but are often employed in such a way, providing the range and power needed for AM applications in a lightweight package compared to most traditional AM rifles. Other calibers, such as the and the.338 Lapua Magnum, are designed to be capable of limited AM application, but are ideally suited as long range anti-personnel rounds.Relocating Often in situations with multiple targets, snipers use relocation. After firing a few shots from a certain position, snipers move unseen to another location before the enemy can determine where they are and mount a counter-attack. Snipers will frequently use this tactic to their advantage, creating an atmosphere of chaos and confusion. In other, rarer situations, relocation is used to eliminate the factor of wind.Sound masking As are often extremely powerful and consequently loud, it is common for snipers to use a technique known as sound masking. When employed by a highly skilled marksman, this tactic can be used as a substitute for a noise.

Very loud sounds in the environment, such as artillery shells air bursting or claps of thunder, can often mask the sound of the shot. This technique is frequently used in, and.Psychological warfare. A with an in 2004.Due to the surprise nature of sniper fire, high lethality of aimed shots and frustration at the inability to locate and counterattack snipers, sniper tactics have a significant negative effect on morale. Extensive use of sniper tactics can be used to induce constant stress and fear in opposing forces, making them afraid to move about or leave cover. In many ways, the psychological impact imposed by snipers is quite similar to those of, and (constant threat, high 'per event' lethality, inability to strike back).Historically, captured snipers are often.

This happened during, and, for example the second when 36 suspected snipers were lined up and shot on 14 July 1943.As a result, if a sniper is in imminent danger of capture, he may discard any items (sniper rifle, laser rangefinder, etc.) which might indicate his status as a sniper. The risk of captured snipers being summarily executed is explicitly referred to in Chapter 6 of US Army doctrine document FM 3-060.11 entitled 'SNIPER AND COUNTERSNIPER TACTICS, TECHNIQUES, AND PROCEDURES':Historically, units that suffered heavy and continual casualties from urban sniper fire and were frustrated by their inability to strike back effectively often have become enraged. Such units may overreact and violate the laws of land warfare concerning the treatment of captured snipers. This tendency is magnified if the unit has been under the intense stress of urban combat for an extended time. It is vital that commanders and leaders at all levels understand the law of land warfare and understand the psychological pressures of urban warfare. It requires strong leadership and great moral strength to prevent soldiers from releasing their anger and frustration on captured snipers or civilians suspected of sniping at them.The negative reputation and perception of snipers can be traced back to the, when American 'Marksmen' intentionally targeted British officers, an act considered uncivilized by the British Army at the time (this reputation was cemented during the, when allegedly ordered his marksmen to target British General, an act that won the battle and French support). The British side used specially selected sharpshooters as well, often German mercenaries.

To demoralize enemy troops, snipers can follow predictable patterns. During the in the, the revolutionaries led by always killed the foremost man in a group of 's soldiers.

Realizing this, none of Batista's men would walk first, as it was suicidal. This effectively decreased the army's willingness to search for rebel bases in the mountains. An alternative approach to this psychological process is to kill the second man in the row, leading to the psychological effect of nobody wanting to follow the 'leader'.Counter-sniper tactics. A Georgian sniper in the (2004)The use of sniping (in the sense of shooting at relatively long range from a concealed position) to murder came to public attention in a number of sensational U.S. Criminal cases, including the of 1966 , the (Lee Harvey Oswald), and the of late 2002 (Lee Boyd Malvo).

However, these incidents usually do not involve the range or skill of military snipers; in all three cases the perpetrators had U.S. Military training, but in other specialties. News reports will often (inaccurately) use the term sniper to describe anyone shooting with a rifle at another person.Sniping has been used in asymmetric warfare situations, for example in the, where in 1972, the bloodiest year of the conflict, the majority of the soldiers killed were shot by concealed riflemen. There were some instances in the early 1990s of British soldiers and personnel being shot with.50 caliber Barrett rifles by sniper teams collectively known as the.The sniper is particularly suited to combat environments where one side is at a disadvantage. A careful sniping strategy can use a few individuals and resources to thwart the movement or other progress of a much better equipped or larger force. Sniping enables a few persons to instil terror in a much larger regular force — regardless of the size of the force the snipers are attached to.

It is widely accepted that sniping, while effective in specific instances, is much more effective as a broadly deployed psychological attack or as a force-multiplier.Snipers are less likely to be treated mercifully than non-snipers if captured by the enemy. The rationale for this is that ordinary soldiers shoot at each other at 'equal opportunity' whilst snipers take their time in tracking and killing individual targets in a methodical fashion with a relatively low risk of retaliation.War in Iraq. Sniper team in position, Kunduz Province, AfghanistanThrough to November 2005 the Army had attributed 28 of 2,100 U.S. Deaths to enemy snipers. In 2006, it was claimed that one insurgent sniper, ', had shot up to 37 American soldiers.Training materials obtained by U.S. Intelligence had among its tips for shooting U.S. Troops, 'Killing doctors and chaplains is suggested as a means of psychological warfare.'

, suggesting that those casualties would demoralize entire units. Afghanistan Some sniper teams in Afghanistan have killed large numbers of in quite short periods of time. For example, while in Helmand Province, two British snipers (part of the Battle group) shot dead a total of 75 Taliban in only 40 days during the summer of 2009.

In one session of duty, lasting just two hours, they shot and killed eight Taliban. On another occasion, the same team scored a 'Quigley' (i.e., killing two Taliban with a single bullet) at a range of 196 metres.Taliban snipers have themselves caused problems for coalition forces. For example, over a four-month period in early 2011, two Taliban snipers shot dead two British soldiers and wounded six others at an outpost in Qadrat,. In one unusual incident, a Taliban sniper killed two British soldiers with a single shot, hitting the first in the head and the second in the neck.

Arab Spring Sniper activity was reported during the in in 2011, both from anti-governmental and pro-governmental supporters, and in at least from pro-government forces.Notable military marksmen and snipers. Canadian snipers in the were trained scouts. Specialized equipment includes No.

4 Mk I(T) and scope combination and a camouflaged. PAC Photo, by Ken Bell (September 1944).Even before were available, soldiers such as were specially trained as elite marksmen.17th century., who represented the in the, was the first recorded British sniper victim, killed by a Royalist soldier hiding in a bell tower in.18th century. – killed British General during the pivotal, hampering the British advance which helped cause them to lose the battle. – developer of the world's first breech-loaded military rifle (which advanced sniping and sharpshooting tactics), fought with his Corps of Riflemen (recruited from the 6th and 14th Foot) at the, where he may have passed up a chance to shoot George Washington.19th century. – Use of Marine sharpshooters in the mast tops was common usage in navies of the period, and Admiral Nelson's death at Trafalgar is attributed to the actions of French sharpshooters. The British Army developed the concept of directed fire (as opposed to massive unaimed volleys) and formed Rifle regiments, notably the 95th and the 60th who wore green jackets instead of the usual redcoats.

Fighting as, usually in pairs and trusted to choose their own targets, they wrought havoc amongst the French during the. British (Peninsular War) – shot French General and one of his aides at a range of between 200 and 600 metres (219 and 656 yd) using a. Colonel – commanded 1st and 2nd US Sharpshooters, who were trained and equipped Union marksmen with the.52 caliber. It has been claimed that Berdan's units killed more enemies than any other in the.

recorded 36 'kills' on his custom-made.50 caliber Kentucky with iron sights. During the American Civil War, an unidentified Confederate sniper shot Major General during the probably with a British target rifle at the then-incredible distance of minimum 730 metres (798 yd). Ben Powell of the 12th South Carolina claimed credit, although his account has been discounted because the general he shot at with a Whitworth rifled musket was mounted, probably Brig Gen. Union troops from the 6th Vermont claim to have shot an unidentified sharpshooter as they crossed the fields seeking revenge.

The shooting of Sedgewick caused administrative delays in the Union's attack and led to Confederate victory. Sedgwick ignored advice to take cover, his last words according to being, 'They couldn't hit an elephant at this dist-', whereupon he was shot. In reality, he was shot a few minutes later.

Major – assassinated Mlimo, the religious leader, in his cave in, effectively ending the (1896). Burnham started as a and Indian tracker in the, but he left the United States to scout in Africa and went on to command the British Army Scouts in the. For his ability to track, even at night, the Africans dubbed him, He-who-sees-in-the-dark, but in the press he became more widely known as England's American Scout.20th century. Alpert, Lukas (2 May 2010). Retrieved 3 May 2010. CS1 maint: ref=harv. Bartlett, Derrick (12 April 2005).

Retrieved 26 January 2006. Brookesmith, Peter (2007). Sniper: training, techniques and weapons (2007 ed.). CS1 maint: ref=harv - Total pages: 192. Chandler, Neil (2 May 2010). Retrieved 3 May 2010. CS1 maint: ref=harv.

Dougan, Andy (2016). One Shot, One Kill: A History of the Sniper. William Collins. CS1 maint: ref=harv. Drury, Ian (2 May 2010). Retrieved 3 May 2010. CS1 maint: ref=harv.

Gilbert, Adrian (1996). (1996 ed.). CS1 maint: ref=harv 352 pages. (2005). Without Warning: Canadian Sniper Equipment of the 20th Century.

Neville, Leigh (2016). Modern Snipers. Osprey Publishing. CS1 maint: ref=harv. Pegler, Martin (2006). Out of Nowhere: A History of the Military Sniper (2006 ed.).

CS1 maint: ref=harv.

Attack type,Weapons24 firearms in total, including:. 14. 8 -type rifles.308-caliber.Deaths59 (including the perpetrator)Injured869 (413 by gunfire)PerpetratorMotiveUncertainOn the night of October 1, 2017, opened fire on a crowd of concertgoers at the music festival on the in Nevada. He killed 58 people and wounded 413, with the ensuing panic bringing the injury total to 869. Paddock, a 64-year-old man from, fired more than 1,000 rounds of ammunition from his suite on the 32nd floor of the. The shooting occurred between 10:05 and 10:15 p.m.; about an hour later, Paddock was found dead in his room from a.

His remains officially undetermined.The incident is the committed by an individual in the history of the United States. It focused attention on, particularly with regard to, which Paddock used to fire shots in rapid succession, at a rate of fire similar to. As a result, bump stocks were banned by the in December 2018, with the regulation in effect as of March 2019. Contents.Background Location The is a stretch of immediately south of the city of in. The Strip is known for its concentration of casinos and resort hotels, including the 43-story southwest of its intersection with Mandalay Bay Road, in the of.Las Vegas Village, a 15-acre (6.1-hectare) used for outdoor performances, is located diagonally across the intersection to the northeast. From 2014 onward, the venue hosted the annual festival.

The 2017 festival ran from September 29 to October 1, with over 22,000 attendees on the final day. Perpetrator. Main article:Stephen Paddock was a 64-year-old former auditor and real estate businessman who had been living 80 miles (130 km) northeast of Las Vegas in a in. Paddock was twice divorced, had a long-term girlfriend, and had no known children. He was a son of, a bank robber who was on the between 1969 and 1977. Paddock's only recorded interactions with law enforcement were.Paddock was a high-stakes gambler who placed bets at a high enough level to earn valuable —free benefits such as rooms and meals.

He was a familiar figure to casino hosts in Las Vegas, but was not well known among other high-stakes gamblers because he mostly played. He reportedly kept to himself and was a heavy drinker.

Paddock had lost a significant amount of his wealth over the previous two years, but had paid off all gambling debts before the shooting.Paddock may have considered attacking other events. He had researched large-scale venues in cities such as since at least May 2017, and had reserved a room overlooking the August 2017 festival in Chicago, but did not use it. According to his girlfriend, she and Paddock were at the Mandalay Bay during an earlier stay a month before the attack when he repeatedly cased out Las Vegas Village from different windows in their room.

From September 17, Paddock stayed at in, which overlooked the open-air festival that ran from September 22 to 24. Paddock's Internet search terms from mid-September included 'swat weapons', 'ballistics chart 308', 'SWAT Las Vegas', and 'do police use explosives'. Shooting Preparation Paddock arrived at Mandalay Bay on September 25, 2017. He was booked into Room 32-135, a on the 32nd floor. Four days later, he also checked into the directly-connected Room 32-134. Both suites overlook the site of the concert at Las Vegas Village. Between September 25 and October 1—the day of the shooting—he stockpiled an arsenal of weapons, associated equipment and ammunition that included fourteen rifles (all of which were equipped with and twelve of which had 100-round ), eight rifles, a, and a.

A bump stock modifies a semi-automatic weapon so that it can shoot in rapid succession, mimicking automatic fire. Often with the help of hotel, he brought five suitcases to his room on September 25, seven on the 26th, two on the 28th, six on the 30th, and two on October 1. Cell phone records show that he also made multiple visits to his home in Mesquite. On September 30, he placed on the doors of both rooms. Before the shooting Paddock spent much of his time at Mandalay Bay gambling, often at night.

He interacted with Mandalay Bay employees more than ten times during his stay, including twice on the day of the shooting; an spokesperson said they were all 'normal in nature'. Schematic of the shooting scene. Paddock indiscriminately fired rifle rounds from the 32nd floor of the Mandalay Bay hotel toward the concertgoers at Las Vegas Village.The mass shooting occurred between 10:05 and 10:15 p.m. On October 1, 2017, which was the third and final night of the festival.

When the shooting began, country music singer was giving the closing performance.Shortly before 10:00 p.m., hotel security guard Jesus Campos was sent to the 32nd floor to investigate an open-door alert. He attempted to open a door that provided immediate access to the floor, but found that it would not open. After Campos entered the floor, he discovered an L-shaped bracket screwed into the door and door frame, which was responsible for barring the door from opening. After reporting the discovery to his dispatch center, he heard what he thought was the sound of rapid drilling coming from Room 32-135 and went to investigate the matter. At approximately 10:05, he was hit in the right thigh by one of about 35 bullets that Paddock fired through the door of his suite. After Campos was hit, he took cover in the alcove between Rooms 32-122 and 32-124 and immediately informed the hotel by radio and cellphone that he had been shot, though he believed he had been shot with a.

At the same time, maintenance worker Stephen Schuck was on the same floor to fix the door that Campos had reported as being barricaded. Campos, who was already wounded, encountered Schuck and told him to take cover. Schuck contacted hotel dispatchers over his radio, informed them of the ongoing shooting, and told them to call the police. Neither nor, the Mandalay Bay's owner, have confirmed when information about the initial shooting was relayed to the police.

3tanks atAfter Paddock used a hammer to break two of the windows in both of his suites, he began shooting through them at 10:05 p.m. He ultimately fired over 1,000 approximately 490 yards (450 m) into the festival audience. He initially started out with a few single gunshots before firing in bursts that usually ranged from 80 rounds to 100 rounds.

Many people in the crowd initially mistook the gunfire for fireworks. During the shooting, a security fence hindered concertgoers from fleeing the 15-acre concrete lot. The gunfire continued, with some momentary pauses, over the span of ten minutes and ended by 10:15 p.m.In addition to shooting at the concertgoers, Paddock fired eight bullets at a large tank at 2,000 feet (600 m) away.

Two of those bullets struck the exterior of the tank, with one bullet penetrating the tank. The fuel did not explode because jet fuel is mostly, which is unlikely to ignite when struck by a bullet.During the shooting, police officers were initially confused whether the shots were coming from the Mandalay Bay, the nearby, or the festival grounds.

There were also multiple false reports of additional shooters at other hotels on the Strip. Officers eventually spotted multiple flashes of gunfire from the middle of the northern side of Mandalay Bay and responded to the hotel. At 10:12 p.m., two officers on the 31st floor reported the sounds of gunfire on the floor above them. When officers arrived on the 32nd floor at 10:17 p.m. And encountered Campos a minute later, he directed them to Paddock's room and helped others evacuate. Campos was then directed to seek medical attention for himself.Between 10:26 and 10:30 p.m., eight additional officers arrived at the 32nd floor; some of those officers manually breached through the door Paddock had screwed shut with the bracket.

The gunfire had ceased, and the police moved systematically down the hallway, searching and clearing each room, using a master key that was provided by Campos. At 10:55 p.m., the officers finished evacuating guests. At 11:20 p.m., police breached Room 32-135 with explosives. Paddock was found dead on the floor from a self-inflicted gunshot wound to the head.

Police then breached Room 32-134; while entering the hotel suite, an officer accidentally fired a from his weapon, but the bullets did not hit anyone. At 11:27 p.m., officers announced over the police radio that a suspect was down.

Immediate response , adjacent to the shooting site, was shut down for several hours. Approximately 300 people entered the airport grounds as they fled from the shooting. This prompted officials to shut down all four runways. More than 25 flights were rerouted to ensure that no aircraft would be hit by gunfire, while other flights were canceled before airfield operations resumed at 12:40 a.m. On October 2.Much of Las Vegas Boulevard was closed while police teams combed the venue and neighboring businesses. At approximately 2:45 p.m. On October 2, a was declared in Clark County.

Early on October 2, Sheriff Lombardo identified the suspect as Stephen Paddock. Casualties Fatalities Fifty-eight people were fatally shot at the music festival; Paddock's suicide was the only death at the Mandalay Bay Hotel. The fatalities included 36 women and 22 men. The oldest victim was 67; the youngest was 20. Six were from Nevada, 35 from California, 13 from other states (Alaska,Massachusetts, Minnesota, Iowa, New Mexico, Pennsylvania, Utah, Washington state, West Virginia), and four from Canada. The determined that all 58 victims died as a result of gunshot wounds. Thirty-one of the victims were pronounced dead at the scene, while the twenty-seven others were pronounced dead at the hospital.The incident was the deadliest committed by an individual in the United States, exceeding the death toll of the 2016, in which 49 people lost their lives.A 57-year-old woman from, was paralyzed in the shooting and died at Redlands Community Hospital in on November 15, 2019, more than two years later.

An autopsy was carried out to establish the cause and manner of her death. On December 18, it was reported that the ruling on the cause and manner of her death was pending because investigators were waiting for laboratory test results. Injured Approximately 869 people were injured, 413 of them with gunshot wounds or shrapnel injuries. In the aftermath, many victims were transported to area hospitals, which included, and at least one of the six hospitals of. Sunrise Hospital treated the largest portion of the wounded: 199 patients, 150 of whom arrived within a timespan of about 40 minutes. University Medical Center treated 104 patients. Additionally, six victims sought medical treatment in; treated four and treated two.

Victims of the shooting required blood transfusions totaling 499 components in the first 24 hours of treatment, but this blood was rapidly replaced by available blood from local and national blood banks.University Medical Center, the Level I trauma center in Las Vegas, was difficult to access for the more than 50 percent of patients transported by private vehicles because Interstate 15, the most direct route from the shooting location, was closed to the public. Also, an erroneous emergency services announcement made one hour after the shooting reported UMC had reached capacity and was on diversion. This confusion persisted for several hours and led to most patients being transported to Sunrise, a Level II. Surviving witnesses Several persons at the shooting were also present during the at the Borderline Bar and Grill in, which left 13 people dead, including the gunman.

One person said the number of Las Vegas survivors at the bar may have been as high as 60. It was confirmed that a survivor of the Las Vegas shooting died in the Thousand Oaks shooting. Aftermath.

President Trump and First Lady Melania visit a hospitalized victim.On the morning after the shooting, lines to donate blood in Las Vegas stretched for blocks. Wait times were as much as six hours or more. In Las Vegas alone, 800 units of blood were donated to the local blood bank in the days following the shooting, and the American Red Cross reported a 53% increase in blood donation in the two days following the shooting. It was later reported that over 15% of the blood donated in Las Vegas after the shooting went unused, prompting questions about the benefit of widespread calls for blood donation following mass shootings. Millions of dollars have also been raised to help victims and their families.called the shooting 'a tragic and heinous act of violence that has shaken the Nevada family'. Jason Aldean, who was singing when the shooting started, posted his condolences on and noted all of those working with him at the show had survived the attack.At a press conference, U.S.

President described Paddock as 'a very very sick individual', and 'a demented man, with a lot of problems'. He added, 'the police department has done such an incredible job, and we'll be talking about gun laws as time goes by'. A official talking points memo, distributed to Trump allies, opposed tightening since 'new laws won't stop a mad man', but 'will curtail the freedoms of law abiding citizens'. On October 2, Trump issued a to honor the victims and their families. On October 4, Trump visited the shooting victims and first responders.A unity prayer walk and ceremony was held in Las Vegas on October 7 in honor of the dead. Speakers at the ceremony included Vice President and Las Vegas Mayor. On the evening of October 15, thousands participated in a commemorative 3 mile walk between and Mandalay Bay.The annual took place on November 12 and was the largest event to be held in the city since the shooting.

The event received a massive amount of security, which included 350 officers, counter-sniper surveillance posts, and a number of barriers composed of dump trucks, buses, and other large vehicles.The expansion of the held a tribute to the victims and honored response personnel before their inaugural home game on October 10. Later during the season, the number 58 became the first number in team history to be retired, chosen for the 58 deaths during the shooting.The future of the Las Vegas Village remained undetermined until September 2019. MGM Resorts International intends to create a community center, which will host sporting events.In March 2019, nearly a year and a half after the shooting, a Las Vegas police officer who was revealed to have been in the 31st floor of the Mandalay Bay, directly underneath Paddock, during the incident but did not immediately respond to the gunfire was fired for his decision to remain in the hallway.

However, following an arbitrator's ruling, the officer was reinstated a year later. Gun control discussion The shooting prompted support in the for that would ban. Many Congressional and some expressed support. House leaders said the issue of bump stock regulation should be decided by the, which originally approved bump stocks. The (NRA) came out in favor of administrative bump fire stock regulations. Firearms retailers reported increased consumer interest in bump stocks.On November 6, 2017, became the first state to ban the sale, possession, or use of the devices.

In December 2018, Acting signed a regulation banning bump stocks in the U.S., effective March 2019. The regulation bans new sales and requires current owners to surrender or destroy existing bump stocks.Eighteen Democratic U.S.

Senators introduced a bill, the Keep Americans Safe Act, which would ban gun magazines that hold more than ten rounds of ammunition. Stock prices of rose the day after the shooting, as has happened after similar incidents. Investors expected gun sales to increase over concerns that such an event could lead to more stringent, and possibly due a rush of customers wishing to defend themselves against future attacks, but firearm sales did not increase after the shooting.

Legal action In November 2017, a lawsuit was filed on behalf of 450 of the victims of the shooting, which claimed that the Mandalay Bay Hotel had shown by allowing Paddock to bring a large amount of weaponry into the building. In July 2018, counter sued hundreds of victims, claiming that it had 'no liability of any kind' for the attack. On October 3, 2019, MGM Resorts reached a settlement of between $735 and $800 million with the victims of the shooting. Bravery awards A British soldier, Trooper Ross Woodward, from the, who was visiting a nearby hotel while off-duty when the shooting began, was awarded the for his actions during the event.